International Astronomical Union
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) unites national astronomical societies from around the world. It also acts as the internationally recognized authority for assigning designations to celestial bodies (stars, planets, asteroids, etc.) and any surface features on them, and is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU). The main aim of the IAU is to promote and safeguard the science of astronomy in all its aspects through international cooperation. Headquartered in Paris, France, its individual members are professional astronomers from all over the world, at the Ph.D. level or beyond, and active in professional research and education in astronomy. The IAU maintains friendly relations with organizations that include amateur astronomers in their membership. National Members are usually those with a significant level of professional astronomy.
History
The IAU was founded in 1919, as a merger of various international projects including the Carte du Ciel, the Solar Union and the International Time Bureau (Bureau International de l'Heure). The first appointed President was Benjamin Baillaud. Pieter Johannes van Rhijn served as president from 1932 to 1958.
Composition
The IAU has 9,785 individual members, all of whom are professional astronomers and most of whom hold PhDs. There are also 63 national members who represent countries affiliated with the IAU. 87% of individual members are male; 13% are female. The union's current president is astronomer Catherine J. Cesarsky.
The sovereign body of the IAU is its General Assembly, which comprises all members. The Assembly determines IAU policy, approves the Statutes and By-Laws of the Union (and amendments proposed thereto) and elects various committees.
The right to vote on matters brought before the Assembly varies according to the type of business under discussion. The Statutes consider such business to be divided into two categories:
- issues of a "primarily scientific nature" (as determined by the Executive Committee), upon which voting is restricted to individual members, and
- all other matters (such as Statute revision and procedural questions), upon which voting is restricted to the representatives of national members.
On budget matters (which fall into the second category), votes are weighted according to the relative subscription levels of the national members. A second category vote requires a turnout of at least two thirds of national members in order to be valid. An absolute majority is sufficient for approval in any vote, except for Statute revision which requires a two-thirds majority. An equality of votes is resolved by the vote of the President of the Union.
General Assemblies
The IAU General Assembly meets every three years, with the exception of WWII.
- XXVIIIth General Assembly, planned for 2012 in Beijing, China
- XXVIIth General Assembly, planned for 2009 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Past meetings include:
- XXVIth IAU General Assembly (2006): Prague, Czech Republic
- XXVth IAU General Assembly (2003): Sydney, Australia
- XXIVth IAU General Assembly (2000): Manchester, United Kingdom
- XXIIIrd IAU General Assembly (1997): Kyoto, Japan
- XXIInd IAU General Assembly (1994): The Hague, Netherlands
- XXIst IAU General Assembly (1991): Buenos Aires, Argentina
- XXth IAU General Assembly (1988): Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- XIXth IAU General Assembly (1985): New Delhi, India
- XVIIIth IAU General Assembly (1982): Patras, Greece
- XVIIth IAU General Assembly (1979): Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- XVIth IAU General Assembly (1976): Grenoble, France
- Extraordinary IAU General Assembly (1973, 500th anniversary of Nicolaus Copernicus [1]): Warsaw, Poland
- XVth IAU General Assembly (1973): Sydney, Australia
- XIVth IAU General Assembly (1970): Brighton, United Kingdom
- XIIIth IAU General Assembly (1967): Prague, Czechoslovakia
- XIIth IAU General Assembly (1964): Hamburg, West Germany
- XIth IAU General Assembly (1961): Berkeley, California, United States
- Xth IAU General Assembly (1958): Moscow, Soviet Union
- IXth IAU General Assembly (1955): Dublin, Ireland
- VIIIth IAU General Assembly (1952): Rome, Italy
- VIIth IAU General Assembly (1948): Zürich, Switzerland
- VIth IAU General Assembly (1938): Stockholm, Sweden
- Vth IAU General Assembly (1935): Paris, France
- IVth IAU General Assembly (1932): Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- IIIrd IAU General Assembly (1928): Leiden, Netherlands
- IInd IAU General Assembly (1925): Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Ist IAU General Assembly (1922): Rome, Italy