Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Difference between revisions

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In [[health care]], an '''abdominal aortic aneurysm''' is "an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the [[abdominal aorta]] which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref>
In [[health care]], an '''abdominal aortic aneurysm''' is "an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the [[abdominal aorta]] which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref>
==Screening==
A [[clinical practice guideline]] by the [http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstfix.htm U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)] 'recommends one-time screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) by ultrasonography in men age 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked'.<ref name="pmid15684208">{{cite journal |author=U.S. Preventive Services Task Force |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: recommendation statement |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=198-202 |year=2005 |pmid=15684208 |doi=|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/142/3/198}}</ref><ref name="pmid15684209">{{cite journal |author=Fleming C, Whitlock EP, Beil TL, Lederle FA |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a best-evidence systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=203-11 |year=2005 |pmid=15684209 |doi=|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/142/3/203}}[http://www.acpjc.org/Content/143/1/issue/ACPJC-2005-143-1-011.htm ACP Journal Club]</ref>  This is a [http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/ratings.htm grade B recommendation]. An re-analysis of the meta-analysis estimated a [[number needed to treat |  number needed to screen]] of approximately 850 patients.<ref name="pmid15989299">{{cite journal |author=Cinà CS, Devereaux PJ |title=Review: population-based screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm reduces cause-specific mortality in older men |journal=ACP J. Club |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=11 |year=2005 |pmid=15989299 |doi= |url=http://www.acpjc.org/Content/143/1/issue/ACPJC-2005-143-1-011.htm}}</ref>


Effective January 1, 2007, provisions of the SAAAVE Act (Screening Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Very Efficiently) now provide a free, one-time, ultrasound AAA screening benefit for those qualified seniors.  Men who have smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their life, and men and women with a family history of AAA qualify for the one-time ultrasound screening.
Enrollees must visit their healthcare professional for their Welcome to Medicare physical within six months of enrollment in order to qualify for the free screening.
The Welcome to Medicare Physical Exam must be completed within the first six months of Medicare eligibility, but there is no published time limit thereafter for completion of the AAA screening. Providers who perform the physical and order the AAA screening need to document the AAA risk factors.<ref>Society for Vascular Surgery</ref>
The largest of the [[randomized controlled trial]]s on which this guideline was based studied a screening program that consisted of<ref name="pmid12443589">{{cite journal |author=Ashton HA, Buxton MJ, Day NE, ''et al'' |title=The Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) into the effect of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening on mortality in men: a randomised controlled trial |journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9345 |pages=1531-9 |year=2002 |pmid=12443589 |doi=}} [http://www.acpjc.org/Content/138/3/issue/ACPJC-2003-138-3-066.htm ACP Journal Club]</ref>:
:Screening men ages  65-74 years (not restricted to ever smokers). 'Men in whom abdominal aortic aneurysms (> or =3 cm in diameter) were detected were followed-up... Patients with an aortic diameter of 3·0–4·4 cm were rescanned at yearly intervals, whereas those with an aortic diameter of 4·5–5·4 cm were rescanned at 3-monthly intervals ... Surgery was considered on specific criteria (diameter > or =5.5 cm, expansion > or =1 cm per year, symptoms)'.
This trial reported significant short<ref name="pmid12443589"/> ([[number needed to treat | number needed to screen]] after 4 years of approximately 590 to prevent nonfatal ruptured AAA plus AAA-related deaths<ref name="pmid12725621">{{cite journal |author=Cina CS |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm reduced death from AAA in older men |journal=ACP J. Club |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=66 |year=2003 |pmid=12725621 |doi=}}</ref>) and long term<ref name="pmid17502630">{{cite journal |author=Kim LG, P Scott RA, Ashton HA, Thompson SG |title=A sustained mortality benefit from screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=146 |issue=10 |pages=699-706 |year=2007 |pmid=17502630 |doi=}}</ref> ([[number needed to treat | number needed to screen]] after 7 years of approximately 280 to prevent nonfatal ruptured AAA plus AAA-related deaths)  benefit and cost effectiveness.<ref name="pmid12433761">{{cite journal |author=Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study Group |title=Multicentre aneurysm screening study (MASS): cost effectiveness analysis of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms based on four year results from [[randomized controlled trial]] |journal=BMJ |volume=325 |issue=7373 |pages=1135 |year=2002 |pmid=12433761 |doi=}} [http://www.acpjc.org/Content/139/1/issue/ACPJC-2003-139-1-024.htm ACP Journal Club]</ref> Subsequent  [[randomized controlled trial]]s also found benefit:
* [[number needed to treat | number needed to screen]] after 4 years of 300<ref name="pmid15757960">{{cite journal |author=Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: single centre randomised controlled trial |journal=BMJ |volume=330 |issue=7494 |pages=750 |year=2005 |pmid=15757960 |doi=10.1136/bmj.38369.620162.82}} [http://www.acpjc.org/Content/143/2/issue/ACPJC-2005-143-2-039.htm ACP Journal Club]</ref>
* [[number needed to treat | number needed to screen]] after and after 7 years of 563 ([http://medinformatics.uthscsa.edu/calculator/calc.shtml?calc_rx_2x2.shtml?a=47.0&b=2898&c=54.0&d=2991&row1total=2945&row2total=3045 calculation]).<ref name="pmid17514666">{{cite journal |author=Ashton HA, Gao L, Kim LG, Druce PS, Thompson SG, Scott RA |title=Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms |journal=The British journal of surgery |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=696-701 |year=2007 |pmid=17514666 |doi=10.1002/bjs.5780}}</ref>
==Differential diagnosis==
==Potential comorbidities==
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Indications for surgery in patients without symptoms are:<ref name="pmid18234753">{{cite journal |author=Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT |title=Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=5 |pages=494–501 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18234753 |doi=10.1056/NEJMct0707524 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=18234753&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref>
Indications for surgery in patients without symptoms are:<ref name="pmid18234753">{{cite journal |author=Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT |title=Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=5 |pages=494–501 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18234753 |doi=10.1056/NEJMct0707524 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=18234753&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref>
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===Endovascular repair===
===Endovascular repair===
{{Image|Aneurysm endovascular.jpg|right|350px|Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm.}}
{{Image|Aneurysm endovascular.jpg|right|350px|Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm.}}
Endovascular repair is a less invasive procedure that has improved  short term outcomes.<ref name="pmid15483279">{{cite journal |author=Prinssen M, Verhoeven EL, Buth J, ''et al.'' |title=A randomized trial comparing conventional and endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=351 |issue=16 |pages=1607–18 |year=2004 |month=October |pmid=15483279 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa042002 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=15483279&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref> However, it has similar long term outcomes as compared to open surgery.<ref name="pmid15944424">{{cite journal |author=Blankensteijn JD, de Jong SE, Prinssen M, ''et al.'' |title=Two-year outcomes after conventional or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=352 |issue=23 |pages=2398–405 |year=2005 |month=June |pmid=15944424 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa051255 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=15944424&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref>
Endovascular repair (i.e., inserting a [[stent]] or patch]]) is a less invasive procedure that has improved  short term outcomes.<ref name="pmid15483279">{{cite journal |author=Prinssen M, Verhoeven EL, Buth J, ''et al.'' |title=A randomized trial comparing conventional and endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=351 |issue=16 |pages=1607–18 |year=2004 |month=October |pmid=15483279 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa042002 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=15483279&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref> However, it has similar long term outcomes as compared to open surgery.<ref name="pmid15944424">{{cite journal |author=Blankensteijn JD, de Jong SE, Prinssen M, ''et al.'' |title=Two-year outcomes after conventional or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=352 |issue=23 |pages=2398–405 |year=2005 |month=June |pmid=15944424 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa051255 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=15944424&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref>
 
 
 
 
 
 
==Prognosis==
 
 
 


==Screening==
A [[clinical practice guideline]] by the [http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstfix.htm U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)] 'recommends one-time screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) by ultrasonography in men age 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked'.<ref name="pmid15684208">{{cite journal |author=U.S. Preventive Services Task Force |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: recommendation statement |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=198-202 |year=2005 |pmid=15684208 |doi=|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/142/3/198}}</ref><ref name="pmid15684209">{{cite journal |author=Fleming C, Whitlock EP, Beil TL, Lederle FA |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a best-evidence systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=203-11 |year=2005 |pmid=15684209 |doi=|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/142/3/203}}[http://www.acpjc.org/Content/143/1/issue/ACPJC-2005-143-1-011.htm ACP Journal Club]</ref>  This is a [http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/ratings.htm grade B recommendation]. An re-analysis of the meta-analysis estimated a [[number needed to treat |  number needed to screen]] of approximately 850 patients.<ref name="pmid15989299">{{cite journal |author=Cinà CS, Devereaux PJ |title=Review: population-based screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm reduces cause-specific mortality in older men |journal=ACP J. Club |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=11 |year=2005 |pmid=15989299 |doi= |url=http://www.acpjc.org/Content/143/1/issue/ACPJC-2005-143-1-011.htm}}</ref>


Effective January 1, 2007, provisions of the SAAAVE Act (Screening Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Very Efficiently) now provide a free, one-time, ultrasound AAA screening benefit for those qualified seniors.  Men who have smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their life, and men and women with a family history of AAA qualify for the one-time ultrasound screening.


Enrollees must visit their healthcare professional for their Welcome to Medicare physical within six months of enrollment in order to qualify for the free screening.


The Welcome to Medicare Physical Exam must be completed within the first six months of Medicare eligibility, but there is no published time limit thereafter for completion of the AAA screening. Providers who perform the physical and order the AAA screening need to document the AAA risk factors.<ref>Society for Vascular Surgery</ref>


The largest of the [[randomized controlled trial]]s on which this guideline was based studied a screening program that consisted of<ref name="pmid12443589">{{cite journal |author=Ashton HA, Buxton MJ, Day NE, ''et al'' |title=The Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) into the effect of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening on mortality in men: a randomised controlled trial |journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9345 |pages=1531-9 |year=2002 |pmid=12443589 |doi=}} [http://www.acpjc.org/Content/138/3/issue/ACPJC-2003-138-3-066.htm ACP Journal Club]</ref>:


:Screening men ages  65-74 years (not restricted to ever smokers). 'Men in whom abdominal aortic aneurysms (> or =3 cm in diameter) were detected were followed-up... Patients with an aortic diameter of 3·0–4·4 cm were rescanned at yearly intervals, whereas those with an aortic diameter of 4·5–5·4 cm were rescanned at 3-monthly intervals ... Surgery was considered on specific criteria (diameter > or =5.5 cm, expansion > or =1 cm per year, symptoms)'.


This trial reported significant short<ref name="pmid12443589"/> ([[number needed to treat | number needed to screen]] after 4 years of approximately 590 to prevent nonfatal ruptured AAA plus AAA-related deaths<ref name="pmid12725621">{{cite journal |author=Cina CS |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm reduced death from AAA in older men |journal=ACP J. Club |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=66 |year=2003 |pmid=12725621 |doi=}}</ref>) and long term<ref name="pmid17502630">{{cite journal |author=Kim LG, P Scott RA, Ashton HA, Thompson SG |title=A sustained mortality benefit from screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=146 |issue=10 |pages=699-706 |year=2007 |pmid=17502630 |doi=}}</ref> ([[number needed to treat | number needed to screen]] after 7 years of approximately 280 to prevent nonfatal ruptured AAA plus AAA-related deaths)  benefit and cost effectiveness.<ref name="pmid12433761">{{cite journal |author=Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study Group |title=Multicentre aneurysm screening study (MASS): cost effectiveness analysis of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms based on four year results from [[randomized controlled trial]] |journal=BMJ |volume=325 |issue=7373 |pages=1135 |year=2002 |pmid=12433761 |doi=}} [http://www.acpjc.org/Content/139/1/issue/ACPJC-2003-139-1-024.htm ACP Journal Club]</ref> Subsequent  [[randomized controlled trial]]s also found benefit:
* [[number needed to treat | number needed to screen]] after 4 years of 300<ref name="pmid15757960">{{cite journal |author=Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: single centre randomised controlled trial |journal=BMJ |volume=330 |issue=7494 |pages=750 |year=2005 |pmid=15757960 |doi=10.1136/bmj.38369.620162.82}} [http://www.acpjc.org/Content/143/2/issue/ACPJC-2005-143-2-039.htm ACP Journal Club]</ref>
* [[number needed to treat | number needed to screen]] after and after 7 years of 563 ([http://medinformatics.uthscsa.edu/calculator/calc.shtml?calc_rx_2x2.shtml?a=47.0&b=2898&c=54.0&d=2991&row1total=2945&row2total=3045 calculation]).<ref name="pmid17514666">{{cite journal |author=Ashton HA, Gao L, Kim LG, Druce PS, Thompson SG, Scott RA |title=Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms |journal=The British journal of surgery |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=696-701 |year=2007 |pmid=17514666 |doi=10.1002/bjs.5780}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 09:10, 20 June 2009

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In health care, an abdominal aortic aneurysm is "an abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the abdominal aorta which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm."[1]

Screening

A clinical practice guideline by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) 'recommends one-time screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) by ultrasonography in men age 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked'.[2][3] This is a grade B recommendation. An re-analysis of the meta-analysis estimated a number needed to screen of approximately 850 patients.[4]

Effective January 1, 2007, provisions of the SAAAVE Act (Screening Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Very Efficiently) now provide a free, one-time, ultrasound AAA screening benefit for those qualified seniors. Men who have smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their life, and men and women with a family history of AAA qualify for the one-time ultrasound screening.

Enrollees must visit their healthcare professional for their Welcome to Medicare physical within six months of enrollment in order to qualify for the free screening.

The Welcome to Medicare Physical Exam must be completed within the first six months of Medicare eligibility, but there is no published time limit thereafter for completion of the AAA screening. Providers who perform the physical and order the AAA screening need to document the AAA risk factors.[5]

The largest of the randomized controlled trials on which this guideline was based studied a screening program that consisted of[6]:

Screening men ages 65-74 years (not restricted to ever smokers). 'Men in whom abdominal aortic aneurysms (> or =3 cm in diameter) were detected were followed-up... Patients with an aortic diameter of 3·0–4·4 cm were rescanned at yearly intervals, whereas those with an aortic diameter of 4·5–5·4 cm were rescanned at 3-monthly intervals ... Surgery was considered on specific criteria (diameter > or =5.5 cm, expansion > or =1 cm per year, symptoms)'.

This trial reported significant short[6] ( number needed to screen after 4 years of approximately 590 to prevent nonfatal ruptured AAA plus AAA-related deaths[7]) and long term[8] ( number needed to screen after 7 years of approximately 280 to prevent nonfatal ruptured AAA plus AAA-related deaths) benefit and cost effectiveness.[9] Subsequent randomized controlled trials also found benefit:

Differential diagnosis

Potential comorbidities

Treatment

Indications for surgery in patients without symptoms are:[12]

  • size greater than 5.5 cm in diameter
  • "becomes tender"
  • grows more than 1 cm in diameter per year

Surgical repair

Repair should be considered for symptomatic aneurysms or those larger than 5.5 cm according to a systematic review[13] of randomized controlled trials.[14][15]

Endovascular repair

Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Endovascular repair (i.e., inserting a stent or patch]]) is a less invasive procedure that has improved short term outcomes.[16] However, it has similar long term outcomes as compared to open surgery.[17]




Prognosis

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous (2024), Abdominal aortic aneurysm (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. ↑ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2005). "Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: recommendation statement". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (3): 198-202. PMID 15684208. [e]
  3. ↑ Fleming C, Whitlock EP, Beil TL, Lederle FA (2005). "Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a best-evidence systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (3): 203-11. PMID 15684209. [e] ACP Journal Club
  4. ↑ Cinà CS, Devereaux PJ (2005). "Review: population-based screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm reduces cause-specific mortality in older men". ACP J. Club 143 (1): 11. PMID 15989299. [e]
  5. ↑ Society for Vascular Surgery
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ashton HA, Buxton MJ, Day NE, et al (2002). "The Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) into the effect of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening on mortality in men: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet 360 (9345): 1531-9. PMID 12443589. [e] ACP Journal Club
  7. ↑ Cina CS (2003). "Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm reduced death from AAA in older men". ACP J. Club 138 (3): 66. PMID 12725621. [e]
  8. ↑ Kim LG, P Scott RA, Ashton HA, Thompson SG (2007). "A sustained mortality benefit from screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm". Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (10): 699-706. PMID 17502630. [e]
  9. ↑ Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study Group (2002). "Multicentre aneurysm screening study (MASS): cost effectiveness analysis of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms based on four year results from randomized controlled trial". BMJ 325 (7373): 1135. PMID 12433761. [e] ACP Journal Club
  10. ↑ Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW (2005). "Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: single centre randomised controlled trial". BMJ 330 (7494): 750. DOI:10.1136/bmj.38369.620162.82. PMID 15757960. Research Blogging. ACP Journal Club
  11. ↑ Ashton HA, Gao L, Kim LG, Druce PS, Thompson SG, Scott RA (2007). "Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms". The British journal of surgery 94 (6): 696-701. DOI:10.1002/bjs.5780. PMID 17514666. Research Blogging.
  12. ↑ Greenhalgh RM, Powell JT (January 2008). "Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (5): 494–501. DOI:10.1056/NEJMct0707524. PMID 18234753. Research Blogging.
  13. ↑ Lederle FA, Kane RL, MacDonald R, Wilt TJ. Systematic review: repair of unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Intern Med. 2007 May 15;146(10):735-41. PMID 17502634
  14. ↑ Lederle FA, Wilson SE, Johnson GR, Reinke DB, Littooy FN, Acher CW, Ballard DJ, Messina LM, Gordon IL, Chute EP, Krupski WC, Busuttil SJ, Barone GW, Sparks S, Graham LM, Rapp JH, Makaroun MS, Moneta GL, Cambria RA, Makhoul RG, Eton D, Ansel HJ, Freischlag JA, Bandyk D; Aneurysm Detection and Management Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. Immediate repair compared with surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 9;346(19):1437-44. PMID 12000813
  15. ↑ (May 2002) "Long-term outcomes of immediate repair compared with surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms". N. Engl. J. Med. 346 (19): 1445–52. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa013527. PMID 12000814. Research Blogging.
  16. ↑ Prinssen M, Verhoeven EL, Buth J, et al. (October 2004). "A randomized trial comparing conventional and endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (16): 1607–18. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa042002. PMID 15483279. Research Blogging.
  17. ↑ Blankensteijn JD, de Jong SE, Prinssen M, et al. (June 2005). "Two-year outcomes after conventional or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (23): 2398–405. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa051255. PMID 15944424. Research Blogging.
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