Drugs banned from the Olympics

In 1999, the World Anti-Doping Agency was established to deal with the increasing problem of doping in the sports world and follows three fundamental principals, protecting the health of athletes, respecting medical and sports ethics, and ensuring equality for all athletes. The list of drugs banned from the Olympics is determined by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The banned substances and techniques fall into the following categories: androgenic agents, blood doping, peptide hormones, stimulants, diuretics, narcotics and cannabinoids. The use of alcohol (ethanol) is banned in selected sports only during actual competition.

Banned androgenic agents

Banned androgenic agents are either anabolic steroids, which increase testosterone and epitestosterone, thereby improving muscle strength and endurance, or beta-2 agonists (see adrenergic beta-agonist). Andro, DHEA, stanozolol, testosterone and nandrolone, or derivates (see below) are banned anabolic steroids. Beta-2 agonists can act as bronchodilators and increase heart rates, in addition to their mild androgenic effects. Other banned androgenic agents include bambuterol, clenbuterol, salbutamol, tibolone, zeranol, zilpaterol and selective androgen receptor modulators.

Exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids

This is the complete list of exogenous (non-natural) androgenic agents banned as of January 1, 2008:

1-androstendiol 1-androstendione bolandiol bolasterone boldenone boldione calusterone clostebol danazol dehydrochlormethyltestosterone dexosymethytestosterone drostanolone ethylestrenol fluoxymesterone formebolone furazabol gestrinone 4-hydroxytestosterone mestanolone mesterolone mestenolone methandienone methandriol

methasterone methyldienolone) methyl-1-testosterone methylnortestosterone methyltrienolone methyltestosterone mibolerone nandrolone 19-norandrostenedione norboletone norclostebol norethandrolone oxabolone oxandrolone oxymesterone oxymetholone prostanozol quinbolone stanozolol stenbolone 1-testosterone tetrahydrogestrinone trenbolone

Drugs with similar structures and biological activity are also banned because new designer drugs of this sort are always being developed in order to beat the drug tests.

Endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids

• androstenediol
• androstenedione
• dihydrotestosterone
• prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA)
• testosterone

Metabolites and isomers

5$\alpha$-androstane-3$\alpha$,17$\alpha$-diol 5$\alpha$-androstane-3$\alpha$,17$\beta$-diol 5$\alpha$-androstane-3$\beta$,17$\alpha$-diol 5$\alpha$-androstane-3$\beta$,17$\beta$-diol androst-4-ene-3$\alpha$,17$\alpha$-diol androst-4-ene-3$\alpha$,17$\beta$-diol androst-4-ene-3$\beta$,17$\alpha$-diol androst-4-ene-3$\beta$,17$\alpha$-diol androst-5-ene-3$\alpha$,17$\alpha$-diol

androst-5-ene-3$\alpha$,17$\beta$-diol androst-5-ene-3$\beta$,17$\alpha$-diol 4-androstenediol 5-androstenedione epi-dihydrotestosterone 3$\alpha$-hydroxy-5$\alpha$-androstan-17-one 3$\beta$-hydroxy-5$\alpha$-androstan-17-one 19-norandrosterone 19-noretiocholanolone

Blood doping is the injection of red blood cells, related blood products that contain red blood cells, or artificial oxgyen containers. This is done by storing blood prior to competition and injecting immediately before competition to improve oxygen transport and athletic endurance.

Hormones and related substances

Peptide hormones increase bulk, stength, and oxygen-carrying red blood cells. The peptide hormones erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormone (hGH), Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1, etc.), Mechano growth factors (MGFs), chorionic gonadatrophin (banned in men only), somatotrophin (growth hormone), insulins and corticotrophins, corticosteroid mimics, and their releasing factor, are banned.

Beta-2 agonists

All beta-2 agonists and their D- and L- isomers, are banned. However, formoterol, salbutamol, slmeterol and terbualine may be used with a "therapeutic use exemption", only in the inhaled form.

Hormone antagonists and modulators

All aromatase inhibitors, including but not limited to, anastrozole, letrozole, aminoglutethimide, exemestane, formestane and testolactone are banned. Selective estrogen receptor modulators, including but not limited to raloxifene, tamoxifen and toremifene are banned. Clomiphene, cyclofenil, fulvestrant and all other anti-estrogenic substances are banned. Myostatin inhibitors are banned.

Stimulants

Stimulants directly affect the central nervous system, increasing blood flow and heart rate. Stimulants that are banned include amphetamines, beta-2 agonists, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, fencamfamine, cocaine, methamphetamines, mesocarb and other substances with similar chemical structures and biological effects, including, but not limited to, the following.

Adrafinil Adrenaline (local use allowed) amfepramone amiphenazole amphetamine amphetaminil benphetamine benzylepiperazine bromantan cathine (5 ug/ml urine limit) clobenzorex cocaine cropropamide crotetamide cyclazodone dimethylamphetamine ephedrine etamivan etilamphetamine

etilefrine famprofazone fenbutrazate fencamfamin fencamine fenetylline fenfluramine fenproporex furfenorex heptaminol isometheptene levmethamfetamine meclofenoxate mefenorex mephentermine mesocarb methamphetamine (D-) methylenedioxyamphetamine methylephedrine

methylphenidate modafinil nikethamide norfenefrine norfenfluramine octopamine ortetamine oxilofrine parahydroxyamphetamine pemoline pentetrazol phendimetrazine (carphedon) prolintane propylhexedrine selegiline sibutramine strychnine tuaminoheptane

Diuretics and masking agents

Diuretics (and masking agents) are banned for two reasons. First, by decreasing water retention and thus weight, an important consideration in many speed sports, they increase the speed of athletes. Secondly, increased urine production depletes the presence of other drug metabolites, making their detection more difficult.

Diuretics

The following diuretics, and chemicals with similar structure or biological activity are banned.

• acetazolamide
• amiloride
• bendroflumethiazide
• chlothiazide
• furosemide
• hydrochlorothiazide
• indapamide
• metolazone
• spironolactone
• triamterene

Narcotics and cannabinoids

Narcotic analgesics decrease the sensation of serious injuries, allowing athletes to continue training or competition after serious injuries. While some pain killers are allowed, including codeine, the following are banned:

buprenorphine dextromoramide diamorphine (heroin) fentanyl and its derivatives methadone

morphine oxycodone oxymorphone pentazocine pethidine.

The cannabinoids marijuana and hashish are also banned.

Glucocorticoids

The administration of any glucorticoid orally, rectally, intraveniously or intramuscularly is prohibited and requires a therapeutic use exemption. Topical uses of glucocorticoids does not require an exemption.

Beta blockers

Beta blockers are prohibited only during competition, in selected sports. The prohibited beta blockers include, but are not limited to:

acebutolol alprenolol atenolol betaxolol bisoprolol bunolol carteolol

carvedilol celiprolol esmolol labetalol levobunolol metpranolol metoprolol

nadolol oxprenolol pindolol propranolol sotalol timolol