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'''Georgette Heyer'''
{{TOC|right}}


[https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2014/06/05/the-unknown-ajax/ The Unknown Ajax] by Sadie Stein, from The Paris Review, June 5, 2014
'''Home automation''' or '''domotics'''<ref name=t3 /> is [[building automation]] for a [[home]], called a '''smart home''' or '''smart house'''. A home [[automation]] system will monitor and/or control home attributes such as lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also include [[home security]] such as access control and alarm systems. When connected with the Internet, home devices are an important constituent of the [[Internet of Things]] ("IoT").


A home automation system typically connects controlled devices to a central [[smart home hub]] (sometimes called a "[[Residential gateway|gateway]]"). The [[user interface]] for control of the system uses either wall-mounted terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone application, or a Web interface that may also be accessible off-site through the Internet.


1902-1974 English novelist who created the Regency England genre of romance novels.  
While there are many competing vendors, there are increasing efforts towards open source systems. However, there are issues with the current state of home automation including a lack of standardized security measures and deprecation of older devices without backwards compatibility.


Having written a series of books in the genre called Regency Romance, Georgette Heyer has often been compared with Jane Austen, whose novels describe approximately the same time and place and specialuze in likeable heroines.  But aside from the reader being able to count on there being a positive resolution to the conflicts in the plot line, the comparison is weak.  
Home automation has high potential for sharing data between family members or trusted individuals for personal security and could lead to energy saving measures with a positive environmental impact in the future.


Austen wrote of the times she lived in, lampooning the deadly serious competition for wealth and social standing with a deft slyness which still resonates with modern readers.  Of her six novels, each ending with a woman gaining her desired life companion, three are considered by many to be incomparable literary masterpieces.  
The home automation market was worth US$64 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow to over $163 billion in 2028.


Heyer wrote about two dozen romances, and another dozen murder mysteries, each formulaic and set in a time far removed from the present, the Regency period.  Targetted for a female readership, the predictable social rules of Heyer's fictional world provide a stable backdrop for her wildly inventive tangles of household and familial relationships.  As in a typical modern K-drama, each romance has a female lead and a male lead who, sooner or later, marry and at some point are lucky enough to develop mutual respect and affection.
== History ==
Early home automation began with labor-saving machines. Self-contained electric or gas powered [[home appliances]] became viable in the 1900s with the introduction of [[electric power distribution]]<ref name=gerhart /> and led to the introduction of [[washing machine]]s (1904), [[water heating|water heaters]] (1889), [[refrigerator]]s (1913), [[sewing machine]]s, [[dishwasher]]s, and [[clothes dryer]]s.


== A Civil Contract ==
In 1975, the first general purpose home automation network technology, [[X10 (industry standard)|X10]], was developed. It is a communication protocol for electronic devices. It primarily uses [[electric power transmission]] wiring for signalling and control, where the signals involve brief [[radio frequency]] bursts of [[digital data]], and remains the most widely available.<ref name=LifeAtX10 />
A modest nobleman, whose deceased father bankrupted the estate, becomes guardian to three younger siblings.   Forced to break a betrothal to a beautiful noblewoman, he allows the lady's father to introduce him to a wealthy merchant who aspires to a noble husband for his daughter. With full awareness by all parties, the arranged marriage is quickly accomplished.  How will the new couple fare when their lives continue to intersect with that of the husband's erstwhile fiancee?


== Frederica ==
By 2012, in the United States, according to ABI Research, 1.5 million home automation systems were installed.<ref name=Hist1 />  Per research firm Statista<ref name=Hist2 /> more than 45 million smart home devices will be installed in U.S. homes by the end of the year 2018.<ref name=Hist3 />
A wealthy bachelor's affluent sisters, whom he dislikes, lobby him to give a ball at his own expense for their daughters' come-out. A distant cousin also asks him to introduce her attractive younger sister to the ton. To the astonishment of all, he agrees to give the ball on condition that his encroaching sisters share it with their unknown cousins. His sisters assume he must be under the spell of the beautiful younger cousin, whereas it is the seemingly unremarkable older cousin, encumbered with raising her three orphaned younger siblings and managing a neglectful older brother, who has caught his carefully concealed interest.
 
The word "''domotics''" is a contraction of the Latin word for a home (''[[domus]]'') and the word ''[[robotics]]''.<ref name="t3" /> The word "smart" in "smart home" refers to the system being aware of the state of its devices, which is done through the information and communication technologies (ICT) protocol and the Internet of Things (IoT).<ref name=":1" />
 
== Applications and technologies ==
Home automation is prevalent in a variety of different realms, including:
* [[HVAC|Heating, ventilation and air conditioning]] (HVAC): it is possible to have remote control of all [[home energy monitor]]s over the internet incorporating a simple and friendly user interface.<ref name=App1 /><ref name=App2 />
* [[Lighting control system]]: a "smart" network that incorporates communication between various lighting system inputs and outputs, using one or more central computing devices.
* Occupancy-aware control system: it is possible to [[occupancy sensor|sense the occupancy]] of the home using smart meter<ref name=App3 /> and environmental sensors like [[Carbon dioxide sensor|CO<sub>2</sub> sensors]],<ref name=App4 /> which can be integrated into the building automation system to trigger automatic responses for energy efficiency and building comfort applications.
* Appliance control and integration with the [[smart grid]] and a [[smart meter]], taking advantage, for instance, of high solar panel output in the middle of the day to run washing machines.<ref name="BERGU14" /><ref name=App5 />
* Home robots and security: a household [[security system]] integrated with a home automation system can provide additional services such as remote surveillance of security cameras over the Internet, or [[access control]] and central locking of all perimeter doors and windows.<ref name=App6 />
* Leak detection, smoke and CO detectors<ref name=App7 /><ref name=App8 />
* [[Laundry-folding machine]], [[self-making bed]]
* [[Indoor positioning system]]s (IPS).
* [[Home automation for the elderly and disabled]].
* Pet and [[Baby monitor|baby care]], for example tracking the pets and babies' movements and controlling pet access rights.<ref name=App9 />
* Air quality control ([[Indoor air quality|inside]] and [[Air pollution|outside]]). For example, [[Air Quality Egg]] is used by people at home to monitor the air quality and pollution level in the city and create a map of the pollution.<ref name=App10 />
* Smart kitchen, with [[smart refrigerator|refrigerator]] inventory, premade cooking programs, cooking surveillance, etc.
*[[Voice user interface|Voice control]] devices like [[Amazon Alexa]] or [[Google Home]] used to control home appliances or systems.
 
== Implementations ==
In 2011, [[Microsoft Research]] found that home automation could involve a high cost of ownership, inflexibility of interconnected devices, and poor manageability.<ref name=":0" /> When designing and creating a home automation system, engineers take into account several factors including scalability, how well the devices can be monitored and controlled, ease of installation and use for the consumer, affordability, speed, security, and ability to diagnose issues.<ref name=Imp1 /> Findings from iControl showed that consumers prioritize ease-of-use over technical innovation, and although consumers recognize that new connected devices have an unparalleled cool factor, they are not quite ready to use them in their own homes yet.<ref name=Imp2 />
 
Historically, systems have been sold as complete systems where the consumer relies on one vendor for the entire system including the hardware, the communications protocol, the central hub, and the user interface. However, there are now [[open hardware]] and [[Open-source model|open source software]] systems which can be used instead of or with proprietary hardware.<ref name=":0" /> Many of these systems interface with consumer electronics such as the Arduino or Raspberry Pi, which are easily accessible online and in most electronics stores.<ref name=Imp3 /> In addition, home automation devices are increasingly interfaced with mobile phones through Bluetooth, allowing for increased affordability and customizability for the user.<ref name=":1" />
 
== Criticism and controversies ==
Home automation suffers from [[platform fragmentation]] and lack of [[technical standard]]s<ref name=Cri1 /><ref name=Cri2 /><ref name=Cri3 /><ref name=Cri4 /><ref name=Cri5 /><ref name=Cri6 />  a situation where the variety of home automation devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently between different inconsistent technology [[ecosystem]]s hard.<ref name=Cri7 /> Customers may hesitate to bet their IoT future on [[proprietary software]] or hardware devices that use [[proprietary protocol]]s that may fade or become difficult to customize and interconnect.<ref name=Cri8 />
 
The nature of home automation devices can also be a problem for [[security]], [[data security]] and [[data privacy]], since patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-price devices.<ref name="Goodbye, Android" /><ref name=Cri9 /> One set of researchers say that the failure of vendors to support older devices with patches and updates leaves more than 87% of active devices vulnerable.<ref name=Cri10 /><ref name=Cri11 />
 
Concerns have been raised by tenants renting from landlords who decide to upgrade units with smart home technology.<ref name=Cri12 /> These concerns include weak wireless connections that render the door or appliance unusable or impractical; the security of door passcodes kept by the landlord; and the potential invasion of privacy that comes with connecting smart home technologies to home networks.
 
Researchers have also conducted user studies to determine what the barriers are for consumers when integrating home automation devices or systems into their daily lifestyle. One of the main takeaways was regarding ease of use, as consumers tend to steer towards "plug and play" solutions over more complicated setups. One study found that there were large gaps in the mental-models generated by users regarding how the devices actually work. Specifically, the findings showed that there was a lot of misunderstanding related to where the data collected by smart devices was stored and how it was used. For example, in a smart light setup, one participant thought that her iPad communicated directly with the light, telling it to either turn-off or on. In reality, the iPad sends a signal to the cloud system that the company uses (in this case, the Hue Bridge) which then signals directly to the device.<ref name=":2" />
 
Overall, this field is still evolving and the nature of each device is constantly changing. While technologists work to create more secure, streamlined, and standardized security protocols, consumers also need to learn more about how these devices work and what the implications of putting them in their homes can be. The growth of this field is currently limited not only by technology but also by a user's ability to trust a device and integrate it successfully into his/her daily life.
 
== Impact ==
Utilizing home automation could lead to more efficient and intelligent energy-saving techniques.=By integrating information and communication technologies (ICT) with renewable energy systems such as solar power or wind power, homes can autonomously make decisions about whether to store energy or expend it for a given appliance,<ref name=":3" /> leading to overall positive environmental impacts and lower electricity bills for the consumers using the system. To do this, researchers propose using data from sensors regarding consumer activity within the home to anticipate consumer needs and balance that with energy consumption.<ref name=Impact1 />
 
Furthermore, home automation has a large potential regarding family safety and security. According to a 2015 survey done by iControl, the primary drivers of the demand for smart and connected devices are first "personal and family security", and second "excitement about energy savings".<ref name=Impact2 /> Home automation includes a variety of smart security systems and surveillance setups. This allows consumers to monitor their homes while away, and to give trusted family members access to that information in case anything bad happens.
 
== Gallery ==
 
<gallery>
File:Raumbediengerät.jpg|Room control unit
File:CITIB-AMX.jpg|CITIB-AMX control panel
File:NestLearningThermostat2.JPG|[[Nest learning thermostat|Nest Learning Thermostat]] showing weather's impact on energy usage
File:Ring video doorbell.jpg|[[Ring (company)|Ring]] video doorbell with Wi-Fi camera
File:August 2nd-gen smart lock.jpg|[[August Home]] [[smart lock]]
File:Cat feeder.jpg|Internet enabled cat feeder
File:Patch Panel.jpg|Domestic patch panel, unstructured
File:WellPumpAutomation.jpg|Well and booster pump automation
</gallery>
 
== See also ==
* List of home automation companies
* List of home automation software and hardware
* List of home automation topics
* Home automation for the elderly and disabled
* Home network
* Home robot
* Indoor positioning
* Internet of Things
* List of network buses
* [[Mobile manipulator]] and [[Mobile robot]]
* [[Smart device]] and [[smart speaker]]
* [[Web of Things]]
 
==References==
<references>
 
<ref name=t3>
{{cite news|last1=Hill|first1=Jim|title=The smart home: a glossary guide for the perplexed|url=http://www.t3.com/features/the-smart-home-guide|access-date=27 March 2017|work=T3|date=12 September 2015|language=en}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=gerhart>
{{Cite book|edition = 1|title = Home Automation & Wiring|url = https://archive.org/details/homeautomationwi0000gerh|publisher = McGraw-Hill/TAB Electronics|date = 1999-03-31|location = New York|isbn = 978-0-07-024674-4|language = en|url-access = registration}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=LifeAtX10>
{{cite web|url = http://hometoys.com/emagazine.php?url=/htinews/oct99/articles/rye/rye.htm|title = My Life at X10|date = October 1999|access-date = October 8, 2014|website = AV and Automation Industry eMagazine|publisher = AV and Automation Industry eMagazine|last = Rye|first = Dave|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140930080338/http://hometoys.com/emagazine.php?url=%2Fhtinews%2Foct99%2Farticles%2Frye%2Frye.htm|archive-date = September 30, 2014}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Hist1>
{{cite web|url=https://www.abiresearch.com/press/15-million-home-automation-systems-installed-in-th/|title=1.5 Million Home Automation Systems Installed in the US This Year|website=ABI Research |date=November 19, 2012 |access-date=2016-11-22}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Hist2>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/outlook/279/109/smart-home/united-states|title=Smart Home - United States {{!}} Statista Market Forecast|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Hist3>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2018/09/24/the-impact-of-the-digital-revolution-on-the-smart-home-industry/|title=The Impact Of The Digital Revolution On The Smart Home Industry|last=Caccavale|first=Michael|website=Forbes |date=September 24, 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-07}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=":1">
{{Cite journal|last1=Mandula|first1=K.|last2=Parupalli|first2=R.|last3=Murty|first3=C. A. S.|last4=Magesh|first4=E.|last5=Lunagariya|first5=R.|date=December 2015|title=Mobile based home automation using Internet of Things(IoT)|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7475301|journal=2015 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT)|pages=340–343|doi=10.1109/ICCICCT.2015.7475301|isbn=978-1-4673-9825-1 |s2cid=14737576 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name=App1>
{{cite news|last1=Preville|first1=Cherie|title=Control Your Castle: The Latest in HVAC Home Automation|url=http://www.achrnews.com/articles/124160-control-your-castle-the-latest-in-hvac-home-automation|access-date=15 Jun 2015|work=ACHRNews|publisher=ACHRNews|date=26 Aug 2013|ref=ACHRNews}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=App2>
{{cite news|last1=Asadullah|first1=Muhammad|title= An Overview of Home Automation Systems|work=Conference Paper|publisher=IEEE|date=22 Dec 2016|pages=27–31 |ref=IEEE|doi=10.1109/ICRAI.2016.7791223|isbn=978-1-5090-4059-9 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name=App3>
{{Cite journal|last1=Jin|first1=M.|last2=Jia|first2=R.|last3=Spanos|first3=C.|date=2017-01-01|title=Virtual Occupancy Sensing: Using Smart Meters to Indicate Your Presence|journal=IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing|volume=PP|issue=99|pages=3264–3277|doi=10.1109/TMC.2017.2684806|issn=1536-1233|arxiv=1407.4395|s2cid=1997078 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name=App4>
{{Cite journal|last1=Jin|first1=M.|last2=Bekiaris-Liberis|first2=N.|last3=Weekly|first3=K.|last4=Spanos|first4=C. J.|last5=Bayen|first5=A. M.|date=2016-01-01|title=Occupancy Detection via Environmental Sensing|journal=IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering|volume=PP|issue=99|pages=443–455|doi=10.1109/TASE.2016.2619720|s2cid=4600376|issn=1545-5955}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="BERGU14">
{{cite book|author1=Berger, Lars T.|author2=Schwager, Andreas |author3=Pagani, Pascal|author4=Schneider, Daniel M.|date=February 2014|title=Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security|publisher=CRC Press|series=Devices, Circuits, and Systems|isbn=978-1-4665-5752-9|url=http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118004396.html}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=App5>
{{cite web|url=http://energy.gov/energysaver/tips-smart-appliances |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929063327/http://energy.gov/energysaver/tips-smart-appliances |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-09-29 |title=Tips: Smart Appliances {{!}} Department of Energy |website=energy.gov |access-date=2016-04-20 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name=App6>
{{cite web|last=Griffiths|first=Melanie|title=Smart Home Security|url=http://www.homebuilding.co.uk/smart-security-and-alarms/|work=Homebuilding & Renovating|access-date=27 February 2012|date=June 2016}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=App7>
{{cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2014/02/consumer-reports-review-of-nest-protect-smoke-and-co-alarm/index.htm|title=Nest Protect {{!}} Smoke and CO Alarms - Consumer Reports News|website=www.consumerreports.org|access-date=2016-04-20}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=App8>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2014/02/consumer-reports-review-of-nest-protect-smoke-and-co-alarm/index.htm|title=Nest Protect {{!}} Smoke and CO Alarms - Consumer Reports News|access-date=2016-11-22}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=App9>
{{Cite news|url=https://www.smarthomegeeks.co.uk/news/smart-cat-flap/|title=Sure Flap - Smart Cat Flap Coming Soon! - News - Smart Home Geeks|date=2017-04-06|work=Smart Home Geeks|access-date=2017-08-11|language=en-GB}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=App10>
{{cite journal|last1=Kamel Boulos|first1=Maged N|last2=Al-Shorbaji|first2=Najeeb M|title=On the Internet of Things, smart cities and the WHO Healthy Cities|journal=International Journal of Health Geographics|date=2014|volume=13|issue=1|pages=10|doi=10.1186/1476-072x-13-10|pmid=24669838|pmc=3987056}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=":0">
{{Cite journal|last1=Brush|first1=A. J.|last2=Lee|first2=Bongshin|last3=Mahajan|first3=Ratul|last4=Agarwal|first4=Sharad|last5=Saroiu|first5=Stefan|last6=Dixon|first6=Colin|date=2011-05-01|title=Home Automation in the Wild: Challenges and Opportunities|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/home-automation-in-the-wild-challenges-and-opportunities/|journal=Microsoft Research}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Imp1>
{{Cite journal|last1=Sriskanthan|first1=N.|last2=Tan|first2=F.|last3=Karande|first3=A.|date=August 2002|title=Bluetooth based home automation system|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014193310200039X|journal=Microprocessors and Microsystems|language=en|volume=26|issue=6|pages=281–289|doi=10.1016/S0141-9331(02)00039-X}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Imp2>
{{Cite web|title=2015 State of the Smart Home Report|url=https://www.ajperri.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/b0168809-7f07-40be-9a9c-aac85cca76d2-150716032045-lva1-app6891.pdf|access-date=5 November 2020|website=iControl Networks}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Imp3>
{{Cite journal|last1=Rout|first1=Kshirod Kumar|last2=Mallick|first2=Samuchita|last3=Mishra|first3=Sivkuinar|date=July 2018|title=Design and Implementation of an Internet of Things based Prototype for Smart Home Automation System|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9008410|journal=2018 International Conference on Recent Innovations in Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering (ICRIEECE)|location=Bhubaneswar, India|publisher=IEEE|pages=67–72|doi=10.1109/ICRIEECE44171.2018.9008410|isbn=978-1-5386-5995-3|s2cid=211688876 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Cri1>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.mobileworldlive.com/mwc16-articles/iot-experts-fret-over-fragmentation/|title=IoT experts fret over fragmentation |date=2016-02-25|newspaper=Mobile World Live|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-22}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Cri2>
{{Cite news|url=https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2016/02/19/fragmentation-enemy-internet-things|title=Fragmentation is the enemy of the Internet of Things |date=2016-02-19|newspaper=Qualcomm|access-date=2016-11-22}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Cri3>
{{cite web|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/semiconductors/our-insights/internet-of-things-opportunities-and-challenges-for-semiconductor-companies|title=Internet of Things: Opportunities and challenges for semiconductor companies|website=McKinsey & Company|access-date=2016-11-22}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Cri4>
{{cite web |url=http://www.arm.com/zh/files/event/ATF2015SZ_A6_Thundersoft.pdf |title=IOT Brings Fragmentation in Platform |access-date=2018-03-19 |archive-date=2016-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007092545/http://www.arm.com/zh/files/event/ATF2015SZ_A6_Thundersoft.pdf |url-status=dead }}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Cri5>
{{Cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/Talks/2016/04-27-countering-fragmentation.pdf |title=Countering Fragmentation with the Web of Things}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Cri6>
{{cite web|author=Steve Kovach |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/android-fragmentation-report-2013-7 |title=Android Fragmentation Report |website=Business Insider |date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=October 19, 2013}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Cri7>
{{cite web|url=https://www.linux.com/news/who-needs-internet-things|title=Who Needs the Internet of Things?|website=Linux.com |first=Eric |last=Brown |date=September 13, 2016 |access-date=2016-11-22}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Cri8>
{{cite web|url=https://www.linux.com/NEWS/21-OPEN-SOURCE-PROJECTS-IOT|title=21 Open Source Projects for IoT|website=Linux.com |date=20 September 2016 |access-date=2016-11-22}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Goodbye, Android">
{{cite web|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/goodbye-android|title=Goodbye, Android|website=Motherboard|publisher=Vice|last1=Franceschi-Bicchierai|first1=Lorenzo |date=July 29, 2015 |access-date=August 2, 2015}}
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<ref name=Cri9>
{{cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-android-toxic-hellstew-survival-guide/|title=The Android 'toxic hellstew' survival guide|website=ZDnet|last1=Kingsley-Hughes|first1=Adrian |date=June 9, 2014 |access-date=August 2, 2015}}
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<ref name=Cri10>
{{cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/android-security-a-market-for-lemons-that-leaves-87-percent-insecure/|title=Android security a 'market for lemons' that leaves 87 percent vulnerable|date=2015-10-13|website=zdnet.com|publisher=[[ZDNet]]|first1=Liam|last1=Tung|access-date=2015-10-14}}
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<ref name=Cri11>
{{cite book|url=https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~drt24/papers/spsm-scoring.pdf|last2=Beresford|first2=Alastair R.|publisher=[[Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge|Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge]]|doi=10.1145/2808117.2808118|last3=Rice|first3=Andrew|first1=Daniel R.|title=Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM CCS Workshop on Security and Privacy in Smartphones and Mobile Devices - SPSM '15|pages=87–98|last1=Thomas|access-date=2015-10-14|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4503-3819-6|s2cid=14832327}}
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<ref name=Cri12>
{{Cite web|last=Ng|first=Alfred|title=Your landlord turns your apartment into a smart home. Now what?|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/your-landlord-turns-your-apartment-into-a-smart-home-now-what/ |date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2020-10-02|website=CNET|language=en}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=":2">
{{Cite journal|last1=Kaaz|first1=Kim J.|last2=Hoffer|first2=Alex|last3=Saeidi|first3=Mahsa|last4=Sarma|first4=Anita|last5=Bobba|first5=Rakesh B.|date=October 2017|title=Understanding user perceptions of privacy, and configuration challenges in home automation|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8103482|journal=2017 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)|location=Raleigh, NC|publisher=IEEE|pages=297–301|doi=10.1109/VLHCC.2017.8103482|isbn=978-1-5386-0443-4|s2cid=36313196 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name=":3">
{{Cite journal|last1=Risteska Stojkoska|first1=Biljana L.|last2=Trivodaliev|first2=Kire V.|date=January 2017|title=A review of Internet of Things for smart home: Challenges and solutions|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095965261631589X|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|language=en|volume=140|pages=1454–1464|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.006}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Impact1>
{{Cite journal|last1=Heierman|first1=E.O.|last2=Cook|first2=D.J.|date=2003|title=Improving home automation by discovering regularly occurring device usage patterns|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1250971|journal=Third IEEE International Conference on Data Mining|location=Melbourne, FL, USA|publisher=IEEE Comput. Soc|pages=537–540|doi=10.1109/ICDM.2003.1250971|isbn=978-0-7695-1978-4|s2cid=10329347 }}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Impact2>
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Latest revision as of 09:56, 7 April 2023

Home automation or domotics[1] is building automation for a home, called a smart home or smart house. A home automation system will monitor and/or control home attributes such as lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also include home security such as access control and alarm systems. When connected with the Internet, home devices are an important constituent of the Internet of Things ("IoT").

A home automation system typically connects controlled devices to a central smart home hub (sometimes called a "gateway"). The user interface for control of the system uses either wall-mounted terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone application, or a Web interface that may also be accessible off-site through the Internet.

While there are many competing vendors, there are increasing efforts towards open source systems. However, there are issues with the current state of home automation including a lack of standardized security measures and deprecation of older devices without backwards compatibility.

Home automation has high potential for sharing data between family members or trusted individuals for personal security and could lead to energy saving measures with a positive environmental impact in the future.

The home automation market was worth US$64 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow to over $163 billion in 2028.

History

Early home automation began with labor-saving machines. Self-contained electric or gas powered home appliances became viable in the 1900s with the introduction of electric power distribution[2] and led to the introduction of washing machines (1904), water heaters (1889), refrigerators (1913), sewing machines, dishwashers, and clothes dryers.

In 1975, the first general purpose home automation network technology, X10, was developed. It is a communication protocol for electronic devices. It primarily uses electric power transmission wiring for signalling and control, where the signals involve brief radio frequency bursts of digital data, and remains the most widely available.[3]

By 2012, in the United States, according to ABI Research, 1.5 million home automation systems were installed.[4] Per research firm Statista[5] more than 45 million smart home devices will be installed in U.S. homes by the end of the year 2018.[6]

The word "domotics" is a contraction of the Latin word for a home (domus) and the word robotics.[1] The word "smart" in "smart home" refers to the system being aware of the state of its devices, which is done through the information and communication technologies (ICT) protocol and the Internet of Things (IoT).[7]

Applications and technologies

Home automation is prevalent in a variety of different realms, including:

Implementations

In 2011, Microsoft Research found that home automation could involve a high cost of ownership, inflexibility of interconnected devices, and poor manageability.[19] When designing and creating a home automation system, engineers take into account several factors including scalability, how well the devices can be monitored and controlled, ease of installation and use for the consumer, affordability, speed, security, and ability to diagnose issues.[20] Findings from iControl showed that consumers prioritize ease-of-use over technical innovation, and although consumers recognize that new connected devices have an unparalleled cool factor, they are not quite ready to use them in their own homes yet.[21]

Historically, systems have been sold as complete systems where the consumer relies on one vendor for the entire system including the hardware, the communications protocol, the central hub, and the user interface. However, there are now open hardware and open source software systems which can be used instead of or with proprietary hardware.[19] Many of these systems interface with consumer electronics such as the Arduino or Raspberry Pi, which are easily accessible online and in most electronics stores.[22] In addition, home automation devices are increasingly interfaced with mobile phones through Bluetooth, allowing for increased affordability and customizability for the user.[7]

Criticism and controversies

Home automation suffers from platform fragmentation and lack of technical standards[23][24][25][26][27][28] a situation where the variety of home automation devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently between different inconsistent technology ecosystems hard.[29] Customers may hesitate to bet their IoT future on proprietary software or hardware devices that use proprietary protocols that may fade or become difficult to customize and interconnect.[30]

The nature of home automation devices can also be a problem for security, data security and data privacy, since patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-price devices.[31][32] One set of researchers say that the failure of vendors to support older devices with patches and updates leaves more than 87% of active devices vulnerable.[33][34]

Concerns have been raised by tenants renting from landlords who decide to upgrade units with smart home technology.[35] These concerns include weak wireless connections that render the door or appliance unusable or impractical; the security of door passcodes kept by the landlord; and the potential invasion of privacy that comes with connecting smart home technologies to home networks.

Researchers have also conducted user studies to determine what the barriers are for consumers when integrating home automation devices or systems into their daily lifestyle. One of the main takeaways was regarding ease of use, as consumers tend to steer towards "plug and play" solutions over more complicated setups. One study found that there were large gaps in the mental-models generated by users regarding how the devices actually work. Specifically, the findings showed that there was a lot of misunderstanding related to where the data collected by smart devices was stored and how it was used. For example, in a smart light setup, one participant thought that her iPad communicated directly with the light, telling it to either turn-off or on. In reality, the iPad sends a signal to the cloud system that the company uses (in this case, the Hue Bridge) which then signals directly to the device.[36]

Overall, this field is still evolving and the nature of each device is constantly changing. While technologists work to create more secure, streamlined, and standardized security protocols, consumers also need to learn more about how these devices work and what the implications of putting them in their homes can be. The growth of this field is currently limited not only by technology but also by a user's ability to trust a device and integrate it successfully into his/her daily life.

Impact

Utilizing home automation could lead to more efficient and intelligent energy-saving techniques.=By integrating information and communication technologies (ICT) with renewable energy systems such as solar power or wind power, homes can autonomously make decisions about whether to store energy or expend it for a given appliance,[37] leading to overall positive environmental impacts and lower electricity bills for the consumers using the system. To do this, researchers propose using data from sensors regarding consumer activity within the home to anticipate consumer needs and balance that with energy consumption.[38]

Furthermore, home automation has a large potential regarding family safety and security. According to a 2015 survey done by iControl, the primary drivers of the demand for smart and connected devices are first "personal and family security", and second "excitement about energy savings".[39] Home automation includes a variety of smart security systems and surveillance setups. This allows consumers to monitor their homes while away, and to give trusted family members access to that information in case anything bad happens.

Gallery

  • Room control unit

    Room control unit

  • CITIB-AMX control panel

    CITIB-AMX control panel

  • Nest Learning Thermostat showing weather's impact on energy usage

    Nest Learning Thermostat showing weather's impact on energy usage

  • Ring video doorbell with Wi-Fi camera

    Ring video doorbell with Wi-Fi camera

  • Internet enabled cat feeder

    Internet enabled cat feeder

  • Domestic patch panel, unstructured

    Domestic patch panel, unstructured

  • Well and booster pump automation

    Well and booster pump automation

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The smart home: a glossary guide for the perplexed, T3, 12 September 2015. (in en)
  2. ↑ (1999-03-31) Home Automation & Wiring (in en), 1. New York: McGraw-Hill/TAB Electronics. ISBN 978-0-07-024674-4. 
  3. ↑ Rye, Dave (October 1999). My Life at X10. AV and Automation Industry eMagazine.
  4. ↑ 1.5 Million Home Automation Systems Installed in the US This Year (November 19, 2012).
  5. ↑ Smart Home - United States | Statista Market Forecast (en).
  6. ↑ Caccavale, Michael (September 24, 2018). The Impact Of The Digital Revolution On The Smart Home Industry (en).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 (December 2015) "Mobile based home automation using Internet of Things(IoT)". 2015 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT): 340–343. DOI:10.1109/ICCICCT.2015.7475301. Research Blogging.
  8. ↑ Control Your Castle: The Latest in HVAC Home Automation, ACHRNews, ACHRNews, 26 Aug 2013.
  9. ↑ "An Overview of Home Automation Systems", Conference Paper, IEEE, 22 Dec 2016, pp. 27–31.
  10. ↑ (2017-01-01) "Virtual Occupancy Sensing: Using Smart Meters to Indicate Your Presence". IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing PP (99): 3264–3277. DOI:10.1109/TMC.2017.2684806. ISSN 1536-1233. Research Blogging.
  11. ↑ (2016-01-01) "Occupancy Detection via Environmental Sensing". IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering PP (99): 443–455. DOI:10.1109/TASE.2016.2619720. ISSN 1545-5955. Research Blogging.
  12. ↑ (February 2014) Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4665-5752-9. 
  13. ↑ Tips: Smart Appliances | Department of Energy.
  14. ↑ Griffiths, Melanie (June 2016). Smart Home Security. Homebuilding & Renovating.
  15. ↑ Nest Protect | Smoke and CO Alarms - Consumer Reports News.
  16. ↑ Nest Protect | Smoke and CO Alarms - Consumer Reports News.
  17. ↑ Sure Flap - Smart Cat Flap Coming Soon! - News - Smart Home Geeks, Smart Home Geeks, 2017-04-06. (in en-GB)
  18. ↑ (2014) "On the Internet of Things, smart cities and the WHO Healthy Cities". International Journal of Health Geographics 13 (1): 10. DOI:10.1186/1476-072x-13-10. PMID 24669838. PMC 3987056. Research Blogging.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 (2011-05-01) "Home Automation in the Wild: Challenges and Opportunities". Microsoft Research.
  20. ↑ (August 2002) "Bluetooth based home automation system" (in en). Microprocessors and Microsystems 26 (6): 281–289. DOI:10.1016/S0141-9331(02)00039-X. Research Blogging.
  21. ↑ 2015 State of the Smart Home Report.
  22. ↑ (July 2018) "Design and Implementation of an Internet of Things based Prototype for Smart Home Automation System". 2018 International Conference on Recent Innovations in Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering (ICRIEECE): 67–72. DOI:10.1109/ICRIEECE44171.2018.9008410. Research Blogging.
  23. ↑ IoT experts fret over fragmentation, 2016-02-25. (in en-US)
  24. ↑ Fragmentation is the enemy of the Internet of Things, 2016-02-19.
  25. ↑ Internet of Things: Opportunities and challenges for semiconductor companies.
  26. ↑ IOT Brings Fragmentation in Platform.
  27. ↑ Countering Fragmentation with the Web of Things.
  28. ↑ Steve Kovach (July 30, 2013). Android Fragmentation Report.
  29. ↑ Brown, Eric (September 13, 2016). Who Needs the Internet of Things?.
  30. ↑ 21 Open Source Projects for IoT (20 September 2016).
  31. ↑ Goodbye, Android. Vice (July 29, 2015).
  32. ↑ The Android 'toxic hellstew' survival guide (June 9, 2014).
  33. ↑ Android security a 'market for lemons' that leaves 87 percent vulnerable. ZDNet (2015-10-13).
  34. ↑ (2015) Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM CCS Workshop on Security and Privacy in Smartphones and Mobile Devices - SPSM '15. Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 87–98. DOI:10.1145/2808117.2808118. ISBN 978-1-4503-3819-6. 
  35. ↑ Ng, Alfred (March 7, 2019). Your landlord turns your apartment into a smart home. Now what? (en).
  36. ↑ (October 2017) "Understanding user perceptions of privacy, and configuration challenges in home automation". 2017 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC): 297–301. DOI:10.1109/VLHCC.2017.8103482. Research Blogging.
  37. ↑ (January 2017) "A review of Internet of Things for smart home: Challenges and solutions" (in en). Journal of Cleaner Production 140: 1454–1464. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.006. Research Blogging.
  38. ↑ (2003) "Improving home automation by discovering regularly occurring device usage patterns". Third IEEE International Conference on Data Mining: 537–540. DOI:10.1109/ICDM.2003.1250971. Research Blogging.
  39. ↑ (October 2017) "Understanding user perceptions of privacy, and configuration challenges in home automation". 2017 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC): 297–301. DOI:10.1109/VLHCC.2017.8103482. Research Blogging.
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